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塑料和金属Macintosh喉镜片在经口气管插管中显露喉部结构的比较

时间:2010-08-24 09:09:06  来源:  作者:

ABSTRACT

 Objective: To compare the clinical application of plastic single-use Macintosh laryngoscope blade with metal reusable Macintosh laryngoscope blade for orotracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction of anesthesia.

Methods: Two hundred patients, ASAⅠⅡscheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia requiring orotracheal intubation were selected. Information was collected identifying the patient demographics and airway assessment features (Mallampati oropharyngeal scale, thyromental distance and mouth opening). After induction, the patient’s glottis was exposed by plastic single-use Macintosh laryngoscope blade or metal reusable Macintosh laryngoscope blade in random order and recorded the Cormack-Lehane grade of laryngeal view respectively. The patient was intubated using the later type of laryngoscope. Parameters were recorded, including age, sex, height, weight, thyromental distance, mouth opening and ease of laryngeal view and injury of upper airway.

Results: There were 200 patients including 112 males and 88 females, age range 54±14 years, height 160.3±12.5 cm, weight 65.2±13.9kg, thyromental distance 7.1±1.2cm, mouth opening 3.8±0.7cm. The laryngeal views were statistical significance (P<0.01) between Mallampati oropharyngeal grade and the Cormack-Lehane grade. Laryngeal view of metal reusable Macintosh laryngoscope blade was better than the plastic single-use Macintosh laryngoscope blade. There was no considerable injuries recorded in all patients.

 Conclusion: The plastic single-use Macintosh laryngoscope blade yielded worse laryngeal view compared with metal reusable Macintosh laryngoscope blade for orotracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction of anesthesia.

Key words:  Tracheal intubation; Laryngoscopy

气管插管是临床医疗工作的一项常规操作,也是心肺复苏等抢救生命的重要手段[1]。临床工作中常用于气管插管的喉镜片为金属Macintosh喉镜片,经消毒后可重复应用,其有增加传播医源性感染性疾病的风险[2,3]。塑料一次性喉镜片的价格低廉,可减少传播医源性感染性疾病的风险。目前,塑料一次性喉镜片在临床上已广泛应用[4,5],但塑料一次性喉镜片用于经口气管插管时显露喉部结构的有效性尚有待于进一步证实。本研究拟在行经口气管插管全身麻醉下实施择期手术的患者中应用塑料一次性喉镜片(Macintosh显露喉部结构,并与临床常用的金属喉镜片(Macintosh比较探讨塑料一次性喉镜片在全麻气管插管中显露喉部结构的效果

一、资料与方法

   1. 临床资料

本研究包括200ASAⅠ级、拟在经口气管插管全身麻醉下实施择期手术的成人患者,手术包括普外科、泌尿外科、骨科及妇产科等各类择期手术。患者入选标准:年龄>18岁;②ASA分级 级;无明显颈部活动障碍;④Mallampati舌咽结构分级为级。患者排除标准:①ASA分级>Ⅲ级;凝血功能障碍;颅内高压;困难插管史以及张口度小于2cm。本研究得到本院伦理委员会同意和入选患者的知情同意。

   2. 麻醉处理

术前评估内容包括:患者一般情况(性别、年龄、身高、体重)、ASA分级、气道评估指标(Mallampati舌咽结构分级、甲颏间距、张口度)。Mallampati舌咽结构分级:患者端坐,嘱张口伸舌在电筒照射下观察咽部结构,可见软腭、咽峡弓、悬雍垂、扁桃体腺窝、咽后壁为级;可见软腭、腭咽弓,悬雍垂被舌根遮盖为级;可见软腭,不能看见腭咽弓为级;仅见软腭为[6]。甲颏间距为患者颈部后仰至最大程度时甲状软骨切迹至下颌颏突间的距离。张口度为患者尽量张口,其上下切牙之间的距离。

共有4位临床麻醉主治医师参加本试验的插管操作,每位均有超过5年临床麻醉工作经验,能熟练操作Macintosh喉镜进行气管插管,另有1名住院医师进行数据记录。

    患者入室后,仰卧位,监测心电图、无创血压、脉搏氧饱和度,腕部尺神经位连接外周神经刺激仪;建立外周静脉输液通道。静脉诱导前吸纯氧3min,诱导用药为咪达唑仑0.04mg/kg、芬太尼2μg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg、罗库溴铵1mg/kg;面罩纯氧手动呼吸至充分肌肉松弛(4个成串刺激无肌收缩60Hz50mA)时按下述方法进行试验。

3.气管插管操作和研究观察

   3.1仪器准备

    准备步骤如下:常规准备麻醉机,确保其在手控和机控情况下均能正常工作;准备塑料一次性喉镜片(Macintosh3号)和金属Macintosh喉镜片(Macintosh3号),检查喉镜电池情况,保证充分照明;选择合适型号的气管导管:本研究采用墨西哥Hudson公司生产的气管导管,女性采用的气管导管型号为7.0,男性为7.5,均在气管导管内插入金属管芯,插管前检查套囊是否漏气;准备常规处理困难气道所需的物品,包括喉罩和纤维光学支气管镜。

3.2气管插管操作

随机应用塑料一次性喉镜片(塑料喉镜或金属喉镜片(金属喉镜)分别显露喉部结构。随机根据患者ID末位数的奇偶决定。第一种喉镜充分显露喉部结构后,记录Cormack-Lehane喉部显露分级(以下简称C/L分级),具体分级为:级:声门完全暴露,可见声门前后联合;级:后部分声门暴露,只见声门后联合;级:只显示会厌;级:只显示软腭,声门和会厌均无法显示[7]。不插管,退出喉镜,经口插入第二种喉镜,当后一种喉镜充分显露喉部结构后记录C/L分级,行气管内插管必要时可压颈部或应用其它插管辅助设施(如弹性硅胶导引管等)以方便完成气管内插管;所有插管要求在60s内完成。如第一次插管失败,可使用金属喉镜进行第二次插管。如经两次尝试均未能完成气管插管,则放弃该喉镜,直接用纤维光学支气管镜引导插管。术后3日随访患者是否出现咽痛、声音嘶哑等气管插管相关性并发症。

    3.3观察指标术前患者一般情况及气道评估指标;C/L分级;喉部结构显露难易度(将C/L分级为级或级定义为显露容易,将C/L分级为级或级定义为显露困难);完成插管时间(从喉镜片入口至气管导管入气道时间);尝试插管次数;口咽部损伤;术后咽痛、声音嘶哑等并发症。

比较喉部结构显露采用自身对照;比较气管插管时按插管所用喉镜将患者分为两组:塑料喉镜组(先金属喉镜后塑料喉镜者)和金属喉镜组(先塑料喉镜后金属喉镜者),每组各100例。

   4统计学处理

采用SPSS12.0统计学软件,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示。Mallampati舌咽结构显露分级与C/L分级的相关性采用spearman等级相关,C/L分级、喉部显露难易与插管成败率的比较采用Wilcoxon检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

二、结果

    一般情况和气道评估:200例患者中男112例,女88例;年龄54±14,体重65.2±13.9 kg,身高160.3±12.5 cm。手术前评估Mallampati舌咽结构分级级者10例,余无困难气道情况。见表1

    

C/L分级Mallampati舌咽结构分级的关系:Mallampati舌咽结构分级为级的133例患者,金属喉镜C/L分级百分比分别为:78.2%18.8%3%;而塑料喉镜为:21.8%55.6.Ⅲ19.6%Ⅳ级为3%Mallampati舌咽结构分级为级的57例患者,金属喉镜C/L分级百分比分别为:35.1%54.4%10.5%;而塑料喉镜为:12.3%26.3%Ⅲ54.4%Ⅳ级为7%Mallampati舌咽结构分级为级的27例患者,金属喉镜C/L分级百分比分别为:10%50%40%;而塑料喉镜为:10%20%40%级为30%。经Spearman检验,两种喉镜C/L分级均与Mallampati舌咽结构分级具有良好的相关性P<0.01),即Mallampati分级越高,C/L分级越高。两种喉镜C/L分级之间也具有相关性(P<0.01)。见表2

参考文献

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