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尼卡地平对心脏瓣膜置换术病人肺缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

时间:2010-08-24 11:35:55  来源:  作者:

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Protective effect of nicardipine against pulmonary ischemlareperfusion injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement

 

王天龙  高岚  杨拨贤  刘春义

WANG TianLongGAO LanYANG Boxianet al.

Department of AnesthesiologyPeople’s Hosptial,<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Peking UniversityBeijing 100044China

 

Abstract

  ObjecetiveTo study the influence of pulmonary ischemiareperfusion I/R induced by cardiopulmonary bypass CPB on pulmonary function and the preventive effects of nicardipine.

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  MethodsSixteen patients scheduled for cardiac valve replacement were randomly divided into two groupscontrol group n8 and nicardipine group n8 .In nicardipine group nicardipine 0.02 mg?kg1 was given at the beginning of CPBwhile in control group normal saline was given instead of nicardipine. All patients were operated upon under TIVA with large doses of fentanyl. SwanGanz catheter was placed via internal jugular vein after induction of anesthesia. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure MPAP),pulmonary vascular resistance index PVRI and lung compliance were measured and calculsted before CPBT0),5 min after declamping of vena cava T1),at termination of CPB T2 and at the end of operation T3.At the same time points arterial and mixed venous blood aamples were taken for determinstion of TNFαSOD and LPO concentrstions and polymorphomuclear leukocyte PMN countintrapulmonary PMN trapping PMNaPMNv and blood games and calculation of PaO2/FiO2PAaO2 difference and Qs/Qt.The vens cava crossclamping time was defined as pulmonary ischemia time.

  Resnlts1 In control group MPAPPVRIPaO2/FiO2 and Qs/Qt were significantly deteriorating after vena cave declamping T1T3 As compared with baseline valves T0) (P<0.05 or 0.01),while in nicardipine group no significant changes were seen and the difference between the two groups was significant P<0.05. 2 In both groups TNFα concentration and PMN count in arterial and inixed venous blood were significantly increased after vens cava declamping T1T3.3 The intrapulmonary PMN trapping was increased at T1 5 min after vena cava declamping as compared with the baseline T0 only in control group. 4 The LPO concentration in arterial and mixed nenous blood was significantly increased after vena cava declamping in both groupsbut the increase was smaller in nicardipine group. 5 The SOD activity in arterial and mixed venous blood was significantly dectrased at T13 only in control groupwhile in nicardipine group no significant changes in SOD activity were seen after declamping and the difference between the two groups was significant at T2 and T3.

  ConclusionPulmonary I/R injury leads to pulmonary dysfunction during CPB and PMN activated by inflammation plays an important role.Nicardipine 0.02 mg?kg1 can protect the lung from damage caused by I/R injury.

  Key wordsNicardipine  Cardiopulmonary bypass  Lung  Reperfusion Injury.

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  由体外循环(CPB)所致的肺I/R损害会延迟病人术后呼吸机的脱离,增加肺部并发症以及再监护病房的驻留时间,已逐渐受到临床医生的关注。本研究旨在观察CPB对心脏瓣膜置换术病人的肺功能损害及相关机制和二羟吡啶类钙通道阻断剂-尼卡地平对CPB病人肺功能的保护作用。

 

资料与方法

  选择择期心脏瓣膜置换术病人16例,心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,随机分为两组,对照组(Cn8),其中男/女(4/4),实施单纯二尖瓣与主动脉瓣置换的病人7例,双瓣膜置换(二尖瓣与主动脉瓣)1例;尼卡地平治疗组(Nn8),其中男/女(7/1),均实施单纯二尖瓣、主动脉瓣或三尖瓣置换。C组病人在转机前及停机后均不给予尼卡地平、N组病人在转机后即刻经中心静脉推注尼卡地平0.02 mg?kg1,停机后不使用尼卡地平。

  术前30 min 肌注吗啡0.10.2 mg?kg1和东莨菪碱0.3 mg;麻醉诱导采用静注咪唑安定0.050.1 mg?kg1、哌库溴铵0.12 mg?kg1和芬太尼1530μg?kg1,麻醉维持采用间断静注咪唑安定0.05 mg?kg1和芬太尼1020μg?kg1及哌库溴铵;CPB期间,若灌注压超过80 mm Hg1 kPa7.5 mm Hg),则经体外循环机给予咪唑安定、氯胺酮及氟哌利多,若血压低于50 mm Hg,则给予去氧肾上腺素。麻醉诱导完成后,根据血气结果调整通气水平,使PaCO2维持在3540 mm HgCPB开始后室颤动停止机械通气,同时断开气管插管与螺纹管,使气管插管与大气相通,心脏复跳成功后,给予机械通气。

  麻醉监测及体外循环  常规监测ECGHR、平均动脉压(MAP)、PETCO2SpO2、气道峰压(PAWpeak)、潮气量(VT)、呼吸次数、体温、尿量等。麻醉诱导完成后,经颈内静脉穿刺放置美国百特公司生产的六腔SwanGanz导管,监测连续心排血量(CCO)、连续混合静脉血氧饱和度(SiO2)、肺动脉压(PAP)、肺血管阻力(PVR)、CPB采用浅低温28°C32°C、转流量2.22.6L?m1?min1维持全身灌注,维持桡动脉压在5080mm Hg;中度血液稀释(细胞压积20%~24%)。将上下腔静脉阻断时间定为肺缺血时间。

  肺功能指标测定与记录  分别于转机前、CPB停止时及术毕,测定并记录PAWpeak、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺血管阻力指数(PVRI),于各时间点抽取桡动脉与混合静脉血,行血气分析,记录并计算PaO2PAaO2,肺内分流量(Qs/Qt);由PAWpeakVT计算肺顺应性(肺顺应性=VT/PAWpeak),此为有效动态顺应性。

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讨 论

  本研究结果表明,肺I/R造成病人的肺功能指标明显恶化,PAaO2Qs/Qt明显增加,肺顺应性显著下降;肺循环状态严重受损,MPAPPVRI在肺血流恢复后显著升高,与其他报道结果一致[12]。本研究结果还显示,CPB下全身炎性反应指标,TNFα含量以及PMN计数均在腔静脉开放后直至术毕有明显升高。TNFα作为CPB下全身炎性反应的始动因子,它的升高会引发IL8IL6等炎性反应链,IL8作为PMN的趋动因子,可导致血液中的PMN增加及其表面CD18的表达,使其处于激活状态[34]

  CPB下,肺脏可能由于缺乏持续的血流灌注和低温灌注液体的保护,使肺脏的降温较差,易于发生肺脏的热缺血。一方面,缺血造成肺血管内皮细胞表面粘附分子表达,另一方面导致细胞内黄嘌呤还原酶(XD)向黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)(细胞内钙超载所致)转化。因此当腔静脉开放,肺血流恢复后,血液中处于激活状态的PMN会与内皮细胞表面的粘附分子结合,导致PMN中的溶酶体酶、氧自由基、炎性细胞因子以及白细胞趋动素等的释放,造成PMN在肺内滞留与肺内皮细胞损伤[6],进而导致肺通透性改变和肺水增加。本研究的结果也说明,在腔静脉开放后5 minPMN在肺内的滞留量明显增加,至停机和术毕再无明显滞留,提示这种滞留可能呈一过性和保和行,但短时间内肺内驻留的PMN所造成的肺功能损害则持续至术毕以后,这从对照组病人的肺功能指标可以得到证实。

  尽管有研究表明,氧自由基也参与了肺I/R损伤的过程[7],但从本研究的结果显示,C组病人肺动、静脉SOD活性及LPO水平的比那话呈现同步性,并为显示触氧自由基参与了肺I/R损伤过程;推测再肺I/R损伤过程中,炎性反应介导的PMN性肺损伤可能占主导地位。

  尼卡地平是一种二羟吡啶类的钙通道阻断剂,它具有抗缺血、防治细胞内钙超载以及抗氧自由基损伤的作用,它的抗炎作用可能是继发于其抗缺血作用[89]。本研究结果显示,CPB前给予尼卡地平,可有效防止腔静脉开放后5 min PMN在肺内的滞留,这种作用可能是通过尼卡地平的抗缺血作用,防止了由于缺血而导致的肺血管内皮细胞表面粘附分子的表达以及抑制XDXOD的转化。

  从本研究的结果可看出,CPB前预防性给予0.02 mg?kg1的尼卡地平,不论肺循环指标MPAPPVRI,还是肺气体交换功能指标PaO2/FiO2PAaO2Qs/Qt和肺顺应性均得到有效改善,且明显优于对照组病人。说明在CPB前,给予小剂量尼卡地平可以作为预防肺I/R性肺损伤的有效措施。

  总之,CPB下肺I/R损伤可导致病人肺功能的严重损害,炎性反应介导的中性粒细胞激活且在肺内驻留可能是造成肺功能损害的机制;CPB前给予小剂量尼卡地平0.02 kg?kg1,可以预防由CPB导数的肺功能损害,其作用机制可能与其抗肺缺血效应介导的抗炎作用有关。

 

参考文献

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2. Chai PJWilliamson ALodge AJet al. Effects of ischemis on pulmonary dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorse Surg199967731735.

3. Yamada HKudoh IMizoguchi Tet al.Responses of TNF alphaH8and leukocyte adhesion molecule CD18 to cardiopulatonary bypass.Masui1995442631.

4. Hall RISmith MSRocker G.The systemic inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypasspathophysiologicaltherapeuticand pharmacological consideration. Anesth Analg199785776782.

5. Inui K.Paticipation of platelet activating factor in the pulmonary during cardiopulmonary bypass. <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakksi Zassbi 199341238246.

6. Hill GePohoecki RAlonso Aet al.Aprotinin redoces interleukin8 production and hung neutrophil accumulation after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg199683696700.

7. Hano OSilverman HSMellits EDet al. Nicardipine prevents calcium loading and “oxygen paradox” in anoxic single rat myocytes by a mechanism independent of calcium channel blockade. Circulation Res19916915001505.

8. 张宇辉,党爱民,吴海英,等.钙通道阻断剂的血管内皮保护作用.中国新药杂志,199988183.

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