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全凭静脉麻醉下持续输注国产阿曲库铵的药效观察

时间:2010-08-24 11:31:43  来源:  作者:

Clinical Observation of Continuous Infusion of  Atracurium in Patients Receiving Total Intravenous Anesthesia <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

邹伟1  高春霖2  薛玉良3
1中国石油天然气集团公司中心医院麻醉科, 廊坊065000;
2天津医科大学第二医院麻醉科,天津300211;
3泰达国际心血管病医院麻醉科,天津300457
Wei Zou*, Chun-lin Gao**, Yu-liang Xue#.
*Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital of China National Petroleum Corporation, Langfang
065000, China
**Department of anesthesiology,The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
# Department of anesthesiology,TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin 300457, China

ABSTRACT

Objective: To examine the average infusion rate necessary to maintain approximately 90 %~99 % T1 suppression of homemade atracurium after a single bolus and followed by continuous infusion under total intravenous anesthesia.
  Methods:  80 patients undergoing elective surgical procedures were anesthetized with intravenous propofol and fentanyl. All patients received homemade atracurium 0.5mg•kg-1 to facilitate intubation.
The infusion was started when T1  return to 25%. During surgery, the infusion rate was regulated to maintain about 90 %~99 % T1 suppression. The infusion was discontinued approximately 20-min before the termination of operation. The average infusion rate necessary to maintain approximately 90 %~99 % T1 suppression was calculated. Onset time and duration of action of initial dose were recorded. Post tetanic count (PTC ) was used when no response to TOF stimulation. Recovery index and extubation time were observed after infusion. Double burst stimulation (DBS) and TR
were registered during extubating.
  Results:
The average infusion rate was 5.1±0.4μg•kg-1•min-1 (0.20±0.02mg•m-2•min-1 ). Onset time and duration of action of initial dose were 203±47 s and 41.5±4.5 min, respectively. A close linear relation was found between T1 and the square root of  PTC (γ=-0.921, P<0.001). After termination of infusion, recovery index was 14.9±3.7 min, extubation time
was 44.1±6.1 min, and the DBS ratio was significantly correlated to the TR ratio (γ=0.930, P<0.001).  
  
Conclusions: With proper, optimal and quantitative measurement of neuromuscular transmission, homemade atracurium has proved eminently suitable for administration by infusion for surgical procedures.

  Key words: Atracurium; Continuous infusion; Total intravenous anesthesia
  Corresponding author: Wei Zou; E-mail: naonao0913@sina.com

阿曲库铵(卡肌宁)进入临床已超过20年,国内外报道很多。本研究旨在检测验证国产阿曲库铵的临床效价,探讨在全凭静脉麻醉下持续输注阿曲库铵的可能性及平均输注速率,为临床应用提供可信依据。

临 床 资 料 与 方 法<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

1. 一般资料 
  择期全麻手术患者80例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,男56例,女24例,年龄18~60岁,体重45~80 kg。术前各项常规化验检查正常,心、肺、肝、肾功能无异常,无神经肌肉传导功能障碍性疾病,术前未用影响神经肌肉传导功能的药物。手术涉及颅内、头颈部、胸壁、上腹部及耳鼻喉科。
  2. 麻醉与监测 
  麻醉前30 min 肌注阿托品0.5 mg。入手术室后开放左侧肘正中静脉以固定给药部位。麻醉诱导采用咪唑安定0.04~0.05mg•kg-1,芬太尼2~4μg•kg-1,异丙酚1~1.5 mg•kg-1静脉注射。病人入睡后匀速推注国产阿曲库铵(江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司生产)0.5mg•kg-1,20 s注毕,采用四个成串(TOF)刺激模式监测神经肌肉传递功能,待T1降至对照值的5 %以下时行气管内插管。气管插管后接麻醉机间歇正压通气,维持PetCO2 4.6~5.6 kPa,持续输注异丙酚6~10mg•kg-1•h-1,必要时单次追加静注芬太尼1~2μg•kg-1/次。TOF无反应期采用PTC模式,每8 min进行一次。待T1恢复至对照值的25 %时开始持续输注阿曲库铵维持肌松,设定初始速率为5μg•kg-1•min-1,待T1再次降至对照值的10 %以下时,调整输注速率以维持T1于对照值的1 %~10 %,术毕前20 min停止输注,任其自然恢复,术毕停止异丙酚输注。拔管时加入DBS模式,待病人TR(T4/T1)>70 %、潮气量大于400 ml、能够呼之睁眼并持续抬头5秒以上,即可常规吸痰拔除气管导管。计算维持T1 90 %~99 %抑制所需的国产阿曲库铵的平均输注速率。同时记录诱导剂量阿曲库铵起效时间(T1消失或达最大阻滞时间)、临床作用时间(T1恢复至对照值的25 %时间)、TOF无反应期PTC与T1首次出现时间。输注停止后记录恢复指数(持续输注停止后T1由对照值的25 %恢复至 75 %的时间)、拔管时TR值(T4/T1)、DBS值(D2/D1)及停止输注至拔管时间。肌松效果由手术医师评定,肌松效果良好,对手术无干扰为优,有干扰可接受手术为良,不能接受手术为差。术中连续监测无创血压、心电图、脉搏氧饱和度、PetCO2及鼻咽部温度,病人维持鼻咽温度于36~37℃,手术室温度调节在26~27℃间,全部静脉液体及冲洗液均水浴加热至36~37℃,以尽可能降低体温对阿曲库铵代谢的影响。
  3. 统计分析 
  所有数据以均数±标准差(±s)表示。分别用统计分析软件SPSS 12.0和数学软件MATLAB 6.5对上述观察指标进行描述性统计分析,P<0.05为统计学显著差异。

   果

1. 阿曲库铵0.5mg•kg-1静脉诱导起效时间为203±47s,临床作用时间41.5±4.5min(见表1)。注药前后血流动力学稳定(见表2)。术中肌松效果优74例,良6例,差0例。术后常规随访,全组病人均无再箭毒化表现。
  2. 维持满意肌松国产阿曲库铵术中持续输注速率为5.1±0.4μg•kg-1•min-1(0.20±0.02mg•m-2•min-1)。停药至拔管时间44.1±6.1min,拔管时TR值0.72±0.03,DBS值0.77±0.04。
  3. 无反应期PTC与T1首次出现时间之间及拔管时TR值与DBS值之间均显著相关,表达为:t = 15.04-4.78(r =-0.921,P<0.001) DBS = -0.01+1.09×TR (r = 0.930,P<0.001,见图1,2)。

   论<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

阿曲库铵在体内不依赖肝肾代谢,主要经过特殊的 Hofmann 降解,降解产物无肌松作用。其独特的灭活方式,使之成为一种适于持续输注给药的非去极化肌松药。目前非去极化中短效肌松药多采用单次静脉注射给药,术中肌松程度不稳定,持续输注给药,血药浓度可维持在相对恒定水平,根据手术时间长短,随时调控。本研究中采用持续输注的方式维持术中肌松,计算出的平均输注速率、术中肌松满意程度、拔管条件、血流动力学稳定性与文献报道进口产品相近 [1~4]
  本研究采用的TOF肌松监测模式是目前临床广泛应用的神经肌肉传递功能监测方法,缺点是不能监测深度神经肌肉阻滞,监测神经肌肉阻滞后恢复过程的敏感性仍嫌不够。因此我们在研究中分别加入了PTC及DBS刺激模式。其中PTC刺激模式用于深度肌松TOF无反应时,PTC值越小,表示阻滞程度越深[5,6]。本研究PTC 与TOF刺激下T1首次出现时间两者之间呈高度负相关,提示根据PTC值还可预测TOF刺激肌颤搐出现时间,根据本试验结果,若测定PTC值为1,大约10 min后神经肌肉接头将对TOF刺激出现反应。因此我们在持续输注阿曲库铵期间,可根据PTC模式监测的结果,随时调整输注速率,控制术中肌松深度,便于安全地进行神经外科、显微外科或眼科等精细手术。
  临床一般把TOF刺激下TR >0.7作为神经肌肉阻滞恢复的标准,近来Kopman等[7]将神经肌肉阻滞恢复的标准调整到TR大于等于0.9,以进一步减少残余肌松引起的并发症,提高应用肌松药的安全性。本研究在神经肌肉阻滞恢复过程中加入DBS刺激模式,帮助测定肌松消退及判断残余肌松,以确保患者持续输注停止后不仅通气功能恢复正常,且充分恢复吞咽、咳嗽等气道保护功能。但本观察的预试验中绝大部分病人不易耐受DBS超强刺激,故在试验中仅记录拔管时DBS值。Nielsen和May[8]在一项关于持续输注阿曲库铵(0.4mg•kg-1•h-1)的临床研究中发现DBS3’3与TR之间存在显著的相关性,本观察结果与此相似。持续输注停止后,肌松恢复迅速而完全,拔管后全部病人均无再箭毒化表现。
  综上所述,在肌松监测的指导下,持续输注国产阿曲库铵不但可以为手术提供稳定的、可控的肌肉松弛,而且输注停止后,神经肌肉传递功能恢复迅速而完全,提示持续输注阿曲库铵方法基本满足个体化用药原则的要求,可能成为保障病人安全、减少拮抗药物使用的较好选择。

参 考 文 献
1. d`Hollander AA, Hennart DA, Barvais L, et al. Administration of atracurium by infusion for long surgical procedures.Simple techniques for routine use. Br J Anaesth 1986;58:56s-59s
2. Bonsu AK, Viby-Mogensen J, Fernando PUE, et al. Relationship of post-tetanic count train-of-four response during intense neuromuscular blockade caused by atracurium. Br J Anesth 1987;59:1089-2
3. Eagar BM, Flynn PJ, Hughes R. Infusion of atracurium for long surgical procedures. Br J Anaesth 1984;56:447-51
4. Pedersed NA, Ostergaard D, Olsen JS, et al. Infusion of mivacurium and atracurium guided by manual tactile evaluation. Vgeskr Laeger  2000;162(48):6532-5
5. Viby-Mogensen J. Neuromuscular Monitoring (chapter 39). In: Miller RD, Anesthesia, Fourth edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc. 1994:731-1361
6. El-Orbany MI,Joseph NJ, Salem MR. The relationship of posttetanic count and train-of-four responses during recovery from intense cisatracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Anesth Analg 2003;97(1):80-4
7. opman AF, Yee PS,Neuman GG. Relationship of train-of-four fade ratio to clinical signs and symptoms of residual paralysis in awake volunteers. Anesthesiology 1997;86(4):765-71
8. Nielsen HK, May O. Double burst stimulation for monitoring profound neuromuscular blockade: a comparison with posttetanic count and train of four. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1994;43(4):253-7
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  邹伟,男,1971年9月生。中国石油天然气集团公司中心医院麻醉科主治医师,硕士研究生。近年来发表论文3篇,参编专著1部。

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