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缺氧预处理可改善大鼠急性缺氧损伤的预后

时间:2010-08-24 11:31:25  来源:  作者:

Hypoxic Preconditioning Improves Outcome After Severe Hypoxia in Rats<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

徐 雪#  博士研究生    金海龙#  博士研究生
王保国*  教授
孙异临  研究员       袁 芳  研究员
#首都医科大学2002级博士研究生
*中国医学科学院首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院麻醉科,北京 100050
△北京市神经外科研究所,北京 100050
Xue Xu#,Hai-long Jin#,Bao-guo Wang*,Yi-lin Sun and Fang Yuan
*Department of Anesthesiology,Beijing Tiantan Hospital
#Capital University of Medical Sciences,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100050
△Beijing Neurosurgical Institute,Beijing 100050

 

Abstract<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

Objective:To study whether hypoxic preconditioning can improve outcome after severe hypoxia in rats.
 
Methods:
72 male Wistar rats, 260~290g in body weight, were randomly allocated to sham, control (H0)and hypoxic preconditioning groups, H1, H2, H3 and H4, with 12 rats in each group. The rats were anesthetized, paralyzed and mechanically ventilated. The hypoxic preconditioning was accomplished by disconnecting the ventilator for 1 min, followed by re-ventilation for 5 min. H1, H2, H3 and H4 group received hypoxic preconditioning for 1, 2, 3 and 4 times, respectively, before disconnecting the ventilator. Rats in H0 group underwent hypoxia without hypoxic preconditioning. Acute hypoxia was induced by disconnecting the tracheal tube from the ventilator for 4 min. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation began after the acute hypoxia. Rats in the sham group received anesthesia, controlled ventilation but without acute hypoxia. Blood pressure, heart rate, mortality rate, time of cardiac arrest (TCA),return of spontaneous circulation (TROSC)and low-flow time (TLFT) were recorded. Neural deficit scores (NDS) were evaluated at 24, 48 and 72hafter resuscitation, respectively. CA1 region of left hippocampus were removed 3 days later for electron microscope examination.
 Results:The mortality in H0, H1, H2, H3 and  H4 group was 33.3%, 25.0% ,16.7%,16.7% and 8.3% respectively; CA was significantly longer in H1, H2, H3 and H4 group than H0 group(p<0.05) by  11.1%, 19.8%, 20.7% and 29.3% respectively;TROSC was evidently shorter 37.1% and 40.8% in H3 and H4 group than  H0 group(p<0.05); TLFT was greatly shorter in H1, H2, H3 , H4 group than in H0 group(p<0.05); NDS improved significantly in H4 group than H0, H1, H2 and H3 group(p<0.05),and H4 group has no significantly changed than the sham group.  Electron microscope examination of hippocampus CA1 region showed less injury of neuron, blood brain barrier, astrocyte and organelle after hypoxic preconditioning.
 Conclusions:Hypoxic preconditioning plays a positive role in improving the outcome after severe hypoxia in rats.
 
Key words:
hypoxia; hypoxic preconditioning; mortality; neural function
 Corresponding auther: Bao-guo Wang,MD:E-mail address:wbgttyy@sina.com

缺氧预处理(hypoxia preconditioning,HPC)即用短暂的缺氧刺激启动机体的防御和保护体系使组织细胞在后续的长期缺氧(或缺血)中损伤减少。本实验对全麻无自主呼吸的大鼠施以缺氧预处理,探讨缺氧预处理的合适方式、脑保护作用,为后期临床研究提供实验室依据。

资 料 与 方 法<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

1.动物选择与分组 
  清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠,体重260~290g(由北京神经外科研究所动物室提供,标准号:SCXK(京)2003-0001)。在安静清洁的实验环境(北京神经外科研究所动物实验室,实验动物屏障环境:啮齿类,许可证号:SYXK(京)2003-0001,恒温22℃,12小时间隔照明,标准鼠料饲养)饲养至少3天,任其自由进食水。实验前1小时测定其基础神经功能状态, NDS<80分的动物排除在实验外。随机分为假手术组(sham)、对照组(H0组)、缺氧预处理1、2、3、4次组(H1、H2、H3和H4组),每组12只。

  2.麻醉与监测

  (1)大鼠腹腔注射10%水合氯醛(30mg?kg-1)麻醉后取出固定于鼠台上。应用灯照法维持直肠温度37.5±0.3℃。(2)股静脉置入20号套管针连接微量输液泵以2ml?h-1的速度输入乳酸钠林格氏液,右侧股动脉置入24号套管针连接压力转换器,应用spacelabs监测仪(型号:90367)连续观察记录标准导联心电图;连续测量有创SBP、DBP和MAP。(3)机械通气:经口明视插入气管导管(14G套管针外套管),股静脉注射维库溴胺2mg?kg-1后大鼠自主呼吸消失,连接微型动物呼吸机(浙江医科大学医学仪器实验厂生产)纯氧机械通气(呼吸模式:潮气量1ml?100g-1、呼吸频率60次/分,吸:呼=1:2)。适时追加肌松药保证大鼠实验全过程中无自主呼吸。
  
3.实验方法
  
对照组直接停止机械通气4分钟后开始心肺复苏;预处理各组于停止机械通气4分钟前分别给予1、2、3、4次缺氧预处理(方法:停止机械通气1分钟后随即恢复通气复氧5分钟),假手术组持续机械通气。
  大鼠收缩压<25mmHg视为循环停止[1]。CPR方法:两手指胸外按压200次?分-1,同时静注肾上腺素0.01 mg?kg-1和NaHCO31mmol?kg-1。SBP>60mmHg认为自主循环恢复并停止按压。如按压3分钟仍未恢复自主循环则放弃抢救,视为死亡。各组大鼠在复氧、CPR成功后仍辅助机械通气60分钟,自主呼吸恢复满意后拔除气管导管,留置动物氧仓内吸氧(50%O2)30分钟后回笼。
  
4.循环指标监测
  依据循环基本生命体征改变,记录循环停止时间(time of cadiac arrest, TCA): 从开始停通气到MAP<25 mmHg的时间;自主循环恢复时间(time of recovery of spontaneous circulation, TROSC): 从开始复苏到SBP>60mmHg的时间; 低灌流时间(time of low flow time, TLFT):从循环停止到循环恢复的时间。
  
5.神经功能评定
 
  参照Geodadra的神经功能评分(neural deficit scores, NDS)方法并加以改良,于实验后24、48和72小时从意识、基本反射、运动、感觉、行为学等方面对存活大鼠进行神经功能评定,评分范围为0~80分,0分为脑死亡,80分为完全正常[2]
  
6.海马CA1区电子显微镜检查
  
每组选取3只存活动物于实验后72小时10%水合氯醛(90mg?kg-1)腹腔麻醉后开胸,迅速自心尖部插入灌注针至主动脉并固定,剪开右心耳,首先灌注4℃生理盐水约150ml至右心耳流出淡粉色液体时续灌4℃4%多聚甲醛约200ml,灌注结束后断头取脑,视交叉后4mm冠状切开脑组织,切取约1mm×1mm×1mm大小左侧海马CA1区标本3~4块,置于2%多聚甲醛-2.5%戊二醛中初固定2小时,二甲砷酸钠缓冲液冲洗,1%锇酸后固定2小时,梯度乙醇脱水,环氧丙烷置换,环氧树脂Epon812包埋,修块后制备1um半薄切片,天青-美兰染色,光学显微镜观察定位后用超薄切片机制备40nm超薄切片,最后经醋酸双氧铀枸橼酸铅染液染色,在Philips EM208s透射电镜下观察。
  
7.统计学处理 
  采用SPSS 10.0 for Windows统计软件,计量资料数据以±SD表示,组内、组间比较采用方差分析和q检验,计数资料的比较采用Fisher精确概率法, P<0.05为差异有显著性。

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